CRITICAL THINKING

The head of your organization pulled you aside and asked you to review a workplace dispute.  She said, “Apply your best critical thinking to figure out what happened and a what decision is called for to remedy this situation.”  She wants your analysis in the next two weeks.

To begin, let’s consider what it means to engage in critical thinking. While the application of critical thinking may vary across disciplines, the steps are universal.  Adapted from the writings of Bassham, Irwin, Nardone, and Wallace (2011); Lau (2011); and Lau and Chan (2015), critical thinking involves thinking clearly and systematically, and encompasses

• formulating ideas succinctly and precisely
• identifying the relevance and importance of ideas
• understanding the logical connections between ideas
• identifying, constructing and evaluating arguments, claims, and evidence
• recognizing explicit and implicit assumptions, arguments, and biases
• detecting inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning
• formulating clear defensible ideas and conclusions
• evaluating the pros and cons of decisions
• reflecting on one’s own beliefs and values
• applying ethical decision making

The steps involved in critical thinking can be employed universally, in the analysis of all thoughts and actions —whether you are analyzing documents, ideas, assertions, or the quality of decisions/solutions. In this assignment, you’ll be applying them to a case study.

Most importantly, critical thinking is purposeful.  It is not restricted solely to information gathering, nor is it about being “negative and fault-finding” (Bassham et. al., 2011 p. 1).  As Lau and Chan write, “A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself” (2015).  While the process of critical thinking may involve exposing untruths and poor reasoning, it also involves engaging in cooperative reasoning for the purposes of shared goals and decision making.  We engage in the steps of critical thinking to learn deeply, to improve our ideas, to strengthen arguments and to “enhance work processes and improve social institutions” (Lau, 2011).

Critical thinking aligns with and informs ethical reasoning and decision making.  Internet marketing expert Nick Melillo (2010) writes

Critical thinking plays a large role in ethics because it is the process by which we determine for ourselves whether or not something is right or wrong.  In a sense, critical thinking is a form of analysis and determination of fact vs. fiction, identifying the unknown, coming to an understanding, etc…  By taking the path of a critical thinker, a person develops a mental process of evaluation which helps to determine their ethical standards. (p. 1)

The process of critical thinking helps us weigh and verify information, assess intent, and consider consequences, thereby enabling more effective ethical decision making.

Hereford (2015), suggests critical thinking requires a particular mindset that includes being able to

• Rely on reason instead of emotions
• Assess a broad range of perspectives and viewpoints
• Consider new evidence, explanations, findings, and alternative interpretations
• Reassess information
• Suspend personal prejudices and biases
• Contemplate all reasonable possibilities
• Avoid quick judgments

Let’s take some time to adopt a framework for critical thinking and purposefully engage in some practice by responding to the company-head’s request for a critical analysis of the ongoing dispute.

Steps

Step 1:  Review the TGS Critical Thinking Rubric (found on the Content page).  This rubric is intended to serve as a framework for critical thinking.  Use it to structure your thinking for this assignment and for others in your studies at UMUC.

The framework (rubric) is based on FOUR key steps, each of which has several sub-steps, as shown in the full rubric.

1. Identify and clearlyexplain the main issue or problem under critical consideration.
2. Gather andanalyze information to explore/investigate the issue or problem.
3. Consider and analyze other possible viewpoints, conclusions or decision/solutions to the issue or problem
4. Develop well-reasoned ideas, conclusions and/or decisions/solutions, checking them against relevant criteria and benchmarks

Step 2:  Read the Markkula case studies, then choose ONE to examine in this essay.  Employ the TGS Critical Thinking Rubric as framework for analyzing the case.  Begin with an Introduction that states the purpose of your analysis.  Use the FOUR key steps in the rubric as the format framework of a short position paper (details below).  Employ the sub-steps within each of the four key steps to further direct your analysis and writing.

Deliverables

Deliverables

Format

Present your final analysis in an APA style paper with the structure given below. Refer to the TGS Communications Rubric and associated resources, including the writing tutors in WRIT 689, as needed.

1. Cover Sheet

• • Include Turnitin.com originality score

2. Introduction

• • Begin by clearly identifying the ethical issues.
  • Describe in strong terms why the issue is the most critical issue that management must address.
  • Include a thesis statement that contains your main argument.

3. Supporting (Body) Paragraphs

• • Brieflydefine the five ethical approaches before you use the ethical approaches to evaluate the options you have identified.
  • Keep in mind the ‘one idea to one paragraph’ rule: each supporting paragraph should contain one idea and its supporting details. If you start writing about a new idea, you need to begin a new paragraph.
  • Make sure each body paragraph has a topic sentence that holds the main point of the paragraph and that directly supports the thesis statement.

4. Conclusion

• • Write a conclusion that clearly summarizes and ends the paper. Do not introduce new topics in the conclusion.
  • Restate your thesis and sum up your arguments.

5. References (not Bibliography, Reference List, or Works Cited, which are terms from sytles other than APA)

• • Must be on its own page
  • Must agree with your text citations and include only entries that were cited within the body of the paper. Do not introduce sources here that you have not referenced in the body of the paper.

Follow these guidelines:

• Use the TGS Critical Thinking Rubric to guide your analysis.
• Use the TGS Written Communications Rubric to guide your writing.
• Draw in references from at least one reputable outside resource related to the topic to support your conclusions or proposed decisions.
• Employ APA Style 6ed for format and citation guidance.
• Include a cover sheet with your name and the Turnitin.com originality score.

Remember: Even though I have suggested the major headings for your short paper, you should still follow best practices for structuring the paper.

• An effective introduction grabs the reader’s attention and sets the tone and direction for the rest of the paper.  In reading an introduction, the reader should have a clear idea of what will follow.  Supporting paragraphs move the reader from the general introduction to the more specific aspects of your analysis in the paper.
• The body paragraphs show how the information you are providing supports and relates to your thinking.
• Each paragraph should include a topic sentence, which contains the main point of the paragraph.
• The Conclusion brings to a close what you have presented in your paper.

o  You have moved the reader from the general introduction (“The intent of this paper is to critically analyze…) to the specific supporting paragraphs, and now to the conclusion, which briefly summarizes the issue or intent and restates the main points of your analysis (“detail analysis of the issue of … resulted in conclusions that indicate… and suggest proposed decisions to…”).

 

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