ADVANCED EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS FOR NURSING.

Please answer all the questions and provide rationale for the answer for each question using your own words and show your calculations to get full credit”.

 

1. Which of the following is a case-control study? [ONE POINT]

1. Study of past mortality or morbidity trends to permit estimates of the occurrence of disease in the future

 

1. Obtaining histories and other information from a group of known cases and from a comparison group to determine the relative frequency of a characteristic or exposure under studyc. Analysis of previous research in different places and under different circumstances to permit the establishment of hypotheses based on cumulative knowledge of all known factors
2. Study of the incidence of cancer in men who have quit smoking
3. Both a and c

 

2. In a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for the association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then: [ONE POINT]

 

1. There is no association between the factor and the disease
2. There is either no association or a negative association between the factor and the disease
3. The factor protects against development of the disease
4. Either matching or randomization has been unsuccessful
5. The comparison group used was unsuitable, and a valid comparison is not possible

 

3. A random sample of middle age sedentary males was selected from four census tracts, and each man was examined for coronary artery disease. All those having the disease were excluded from the study. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed for a two-year program of systematic exercise, or to a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for any difference in incidence of coronary heart disease.

 

• What type of study (study design) you would assign to this information? Why? [ONE POINT] 

 

 

4.       Several studies have found that approximately 95% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This measure is an example of: [ONE POINT]  a. An incidence rate b. A relative risk c. A prevalence risk d. A proportionate mortality ratio e. An attributable risk

 

 

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following information:

 

 

	OUTCOME AFTER 10 YRS
At Beginning of Study	CHD Developed	CHD Did Not Develop
2,000 Healthy smokers	100	1,900
4,000 Healthy nonsmokers	30	3,970

 

 

 

 

The results of a 10-year cohort study of smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD) are shown above: 5.      The incidence of CHD in smokers that can be attributed to smoking is: [ONE POINT]   6.       The proportion of the total incidence of CHD in smokers that is attributable to smoking is: [ONE POINT]

 

7. What type of study design is considered to be the ‘gold standard’ in assessing causality? [ONE POINT]

 

1. Cohort
2. Case-control
3. Ecological
4. Experimental

 

 

8. All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences except: [ONE POINT]

1. Consistency with existing knowledge
2. Dose-response relationship
3. Predictive value
4. Consistency of association in several studies
5. Strength of association

9. All of the following are measures of process of health care in a clinic except: [ONE POINT]
   1. Proportion of patients in whom blood pressure is measured
   2. Proportion of patients advised to stop smoking
   3. Proportion of patients whose height and weight are measured
   4. Proportion of patients who have complications of a disease
   5. Proportion of patients whose bill is reduced because of financial need

 

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